500 Most Probable Topics- List 8

1. Ozone Hole

Why in the News?

• Satellite measurements reveal a large ozone hole over Antarctica.
• Detected by the European Space Agency’s Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite.
• Not expected to increase surface warming in Antarctica.
• Raises questions about its causes and link to climate change.

What is an Ozone Hole?

• Region in the stratosphere over Antarctica with depleted ozone.
• Not a literal hole, but an area where ozone levels fall below 220 Dobson Units.
• Size varies annually, typically opening in August and closing by November/December.
• Influenced by unique climatic conditions over Antarctica.

Mechanism Behind Ozone Hole:

• Caused by Earth’s rotation and specific winds over Antarctica.
• Polar vortex, a band of strong winds, crucial to ozone dynamics.
• Forms in winter, isolating polar air and creating conditions for Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).
• PSCs trigger ozone-depleting reactions involving chlorine and bromine compounds.
• Polar vortex’s strength influences the size and duration of the ozone hole.

Cause of the Ozone Hole in 2023:

• Volcanic eruptions in Tonga (Dec 2022-Jan 2023) suspected as a cause.
• Eruption sent water vapor and other elements into the stratosphere, affecting the ozone layer through chemical reactions.

2. Key Insights from State of the Cryosphere 2023 Report

The cryosphere refers to the regions on Earth where water freezes into snow or ice. The term comes from the Greek word for icy cold—krios.

• Tropical, Mid-Latitude, and Polar Glaciers: At risk of disappearing with a global temperature rise to 2°C above preindustrial levels.
• Himalayan Ice Loss: Expected to lose 50% of its ice at 2°C global average temperature increase.
• Current Impact: Glaciers in the northern Andes, East Africa, and Indonesia rapidly vanishing at the current 1.2°C temperature rise.
• Cryosphere as Ground Zero: Identified as the critical area for observing climate change effects.
• Urgent Climate Action Call: Emphasis on limiting global warming to 1.5°C to preserve the cryosphere.
• Recent Climate Disasters: Highlighted by events such as the Sikkim flash flood and significant ice loss in Swiss glaciers.
• Sea Ice Record Lows: Noted around Antarctica, with Arctic and North Atlantic regions experiencing unusually high water temperatures.
• CO2 Concentrations: Reached levels 50% above pre-industrial levels, highest in over three million years.
• Arctic and Antarctic Ice Loss: Predicted loss of sea ice and substantial contributions to sea-level rise from ice sheets.
• Permafrost Thawing: Expected to release significant CO2 and methane, exacerbating global warming.
• COP28 Call to Action: Urges global leaders to commit to a 1.5°C limit to prevent irreversible damage to the cryosphere.

Conclusion

The report underscores the critical need for immediate and ambitious climate action to prevent catastrophic loss of Earth’s ice features, with a strong recommendation for global leaders to aim for a temperature increase limit of 1.5°C rather than 2°C.

3. CoP 28

• COPs stand for Conference of the Parties, integral meetings within the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) framework established in 1992.
• They are the main decision-making body for evaluating and advancing global climate actions in line with the Paris Agreement goals, particularly to limit global warming to around 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.
• Discussions cover a wide range of climate action aspects, including mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology, and transparency.

Key Outcomes of COP 28 (2023)

Global Stocktake Text

• Proposes eight steps to maintain global temperature rise within 1.5 degrees Celsius.
• Emphasizes the need to triple renewable energy capacity and double energy efficiency improvements by 2030.
• Stresses significant reduction of non-CO2 emissions, particularly methane, by 2030.

Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels

• Calls for a just, orderly, and equitable transition away from fossil fuels to achieve net zero by 2050, highlighting this decade as critical for action.

Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA)

• Aims to enhance adaptive capabilities and minimize vulnerability, with a call for doubling adaptation finance and setting targets for water security, ecosystem restoration, and health by 2030.

Climate Finance

• UNCTAD reports that developed countries owe USD 500 billion to developing nations by 2025 under the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) for climate finance, with a goal setting of USD 100 billion per year starting from 2025, including specific allocations for mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage.

Loss and Damage Fund

• Agreement reached to operationalize the fund to compensate countries severely affected by climate change impacts, with a focus on Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States, initially overseen by the World Bank.

Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge

• Commits signatories to triple the world’s renewable energy capacity to at least 11,000 GW and double the rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030.

Global Cooling Pledge for COP 28

• Secures commitments from 66 national governments to reduce cooling-related emissions by at least 68% globally by 2050 relative to 2022 levels.

Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy

• Aims to triple global nuclear energy capacity by 2050 as part of the efforts to diversify clean energy sources.

The COP 28 in Dubai represented a substantial step forward since the Paris Agreement, but also highlighted concerns regarding adaptation efforts and gaps in mitigation strategies, fueling debates on the future of climate action.

4. Major Engagements of India in COP 28

Green Credit Initiative

• A mechanism designed to promote voluntary actions that benefit the planet, addressing climate change challenges.
• Green Credits will be issued for planting trees on waste or degraded lands and in river catchment areas, aiming to rejuvenate and restore natural ecosystems.

Phase II of the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT 2.0)

• Focuses on an inclusive and just transition in industries towards lower carbon emissions.
• Prioritizes the co-development and transfer of low-carbon technology and financial support to emerging economies to facilitate this transition.

Global River Cities Alliance (GRCA)

• Launched at COP 28 and led by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) under India’s Ministry of Jal Shakti.
• Emphasizes India’s commitment to sustainable development and climate resilience, with a focus on river-centric development.
• The platform aims to enable knowledge exchange, facilitate river-city partnerships, and share best practices in sustainable river management.

Quad Climate Working Group (QCWG) on Localised Climate Action

• Highlights the importance of local communities and regional governments in promoting sustainable living practices.
• Aims to amplify grassroots initiatives and localize climate action, recognizing the pivotal role of community-level efforts in combating climate change.

5. India’s Third National Communication (TNC) to UNFCCC

Overview

• The Indian Government has prepared the Third National Communication (TNC) and Initial Adaptation Communication for submission to the UNFCCC.
• This submission showcases India’s dedication to climate change mitigation, emission reduction, and enhancement of adaptive capacities.

Key Highlights from the TNC

• The TNC, based on the National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory of 2019, positions India among the first 26 developing countries to submit communications based on 2019 or later GHG inventories.
• India achieved a 33 per cent reduction in emission intensity of its GDP between 2005 and 2019, surpassing its original NDC goal for 2030 which was later revised to a 45 per cent reduction.

Non-Fossil Fuel-Based Power Capacity

• India’s clean power capacity currently constitutes 41 per cent of its total power capacity, exceeding the original NDC target of 40 per cent by 2030. This target has been updated to 50 per cent.
• Despite this, 73 per cent of India’s power was generated from coal in 2022-23, with projections showing a decrease to 55 per cent by 2030, and renewables increasing to 31 per cent.

GHG Emissions for 2019

• The energy sector was the largest contributor to GHG emissions at 75.81 per cent, followed by agriculture (13.44 per cent), IPPU (8.41 per cent), and waste (2.34 per cent).
• The LULUCF sector acted as a net sink, removing approximately 485,472 GgCO2e of emissions.

Net National Emissions

• India’s net national emissions in 2019 were 2.6 billion tonnes CO2e, with a 4.56 per cent increase compared to 2016.

Carbon Sink Enhancement

• Between 2005 and 2019, India added an extra carbon sink of 1.97 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent, contributing to its NDC target of creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3.0 billion tonnes by 2030.

Mitigation and Adaptation Efforts

• India’s initiatives include hosting and supporting the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure.
• Public finance mobilized under government flagship programs covers most adaptation activities.

Impact of Extreme Weather Events

• India experienced significant extreme weather events, resulting in over 2900 lives lost, 1.84 million hectares of cropland impacted, and considerable property damage, underscoring the urgency for adaptation measures.

Adaptation Expenditure

• Adaptation expenditure constituted 5.6 per cent of the GDP in 2021-2022, up from 3.7 per cent in 2015-16.
• There’s a notable gap in adaptation resources, indicating the need for increased funding from both public and private sectors to address climate change impacts and resilience measures..

6. Green Credits Initiative

Launch and Purpose

• Launched in October by the Environment Ministry, the Green Credits Programme is a market-based incentive scheme aimed at promoting environment-positive actions beyond just carbon emission reductions.

Comparison with Carbon Credits

• While carbon credits are well-established for trading emission reductions, the Green Credits Programme seeks to extend this concept to other environmental actions such as water conservation and soil improvement.

Development and Implementation

• The methodologies and standards for measuring and verifying actions eligible for Green Credits are under development. The market for these credits also needs to be established, with an expectation that private companies might initially purchase Green Credits as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) obligations.

Potential Beneficiaries

• Unlike carbon markets, which primarily target industries and corporations, the Green Credits Programme aims to benefit a broader audience, including individuals and communities.

Global Ambitions

• At COP28, Prime Minister Narendra Modi presented the Green Credits Initiative to the international community, aspiring to create a global market for Green Credits similar to that of carbon credits.

7. Mission Life

 LiFE is an India-led global mass movement that aims to nudge individuals and communities to practice an environmentally conscious lifestyle that is synchronous with nature. In India, at least 80% of all villages and urban local bodies are aimed to become environment-friendly by 2028.

Features of Mission LiFE

• Objective of mobilizing at least one billion Indians and other global citizens to take action for protecting and conserving the environment in the period 2022–28.

Envisaged in 3 phases:

• Change in Demand: Nudging people demand for environment-friendly goods and services.
• Change in Supply from the industries due to changing patterns of individual demands.
• Change in Policy as changing demand and supply dynamics would trigger shifts in large-scale industrial and government policies.

• A comprehensive list of 75 individual LiFE actions across 7 categories including Water saved, Single use plastic reduced, Sustainable food systems adopted, Waste reduced, etc.

8. REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE (GHG) EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS

International Maritime Organization (IMO) has  adopted a Strategy on the Reduction of GHG   Emissions from Ships.

Key Provisions of Strategy

• Reduction of Emissions:

o Reduce CO2 emissions by at least 40% by 2030, compared to 2008.

o Reach net-zero GHG emissions by or around 2050.

• Technology adoption: Uptake of technologies to reduce:

o at least 5%, striving for 10%, of the energy used by international shipping by 2030.

• Periodic Review: Five-yearly review, first review due in 2028.

9. National Framework for Climate Services (NFCS)

• India is initiating its first national-level framework for providing climate services and information, called the National Framework for Climate Services (NFCS).
• Spearheaded by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the NFCS is inspired by the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).
• Its objective is to create a unified platform for users of climate information and services to make informed decisions and mitigate climate risks across key sectors such as agriculture, energy, disaster management, health, and water.

Global Context: GFCS

• The GFCS was announced during the third World Climate Conference in Geneva, 2009, led by National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) globally.
• It’s a global partnership aimed at enhancing the production and application of climate information and services.
• GFCS focuses on generating high-quality data on weather parameters to assist in creating long-term projections, risk and vulnerability analyses.

Components of GFCS

• The GFCS includes five major components: Observations and Monitoring, Research, Modelling and Prediction, Climate Services Information System, User Interface Platform, and Capacity Building.
• Priority sectors include agriculture and food security, energy, health, water, and disaster risk reduction.

Global Adoption

• Countries like Switzerland, China, Germany, and the United Kingdom have already launched their national frameworks for climate services following the 2009 declaration.

10. Revision of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)

• The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) comprises emergency measures activated to curb the worsening of air quality beyond certain thresholds in the Delhi-NCR region.
• Initially notified in January 2017 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, GRAP aims to mitigate air pollution in a systematic and phased manner.

Implementation and Enforcement

• The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) in NCR & Adjoining Areas is responsible for the operationalization and revision of GRAP.

Authority and Jurisdiction

• In case of discrepancies or conflicts between state government directives and CAQM orders regarding air quality management, the directives issued by the CAQM will take precedence.

Recent Developments

• The CAQM announced a revision of GRAP, which will be effective from October 1, 2023, across the entire National Capital Region (NCR).
• This revision indicates an ongoing effort to adapt and enhance air quality management strategies in response to evolving environmental challenges and air quality metrics in the NCR.

Revised Measures in the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)

Stage I – ‘Poor’ Air Quality (AQI 201-300)

• Enforcement of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) and Hon’ble Supreme Court’s orders regarding the prohibition of over-aged diesel and petrol vehicles to combat the initial stages of deteriorating air quality.

Stage II – ‘Very Poor’ Air Quality (AQI 301-400)

• Implementation of rigorous actions to address air pollution at identified hotspots within the region, focusing on localized sources of pollution and implementing specific measures to reduce emissions in these areas.

Stage III – ‘Severe’ Air Quality (AQI 401-450)

• Introduction of strict restrictions on the operation of BS III petrol and BS IV diesel four-wheelers in specified areas to reduce vehicular emissions, one of the primary sources of air pollution.
• Consideration of suspending physical classes for primary grade children up to Class 5 to minimize exposure to hazardous air quality conditions.

Stage IV – ‘Severe Plus’ Air Quality (AQI greater than 450)

• Restriction on the entry of four-wheelers registered outside Delhi into the city, with exceptions for electric vehicles, CNG vehicles, and BS-VI diesel vehicles, to significantly lower the influx of vehicular pollutants during extreme air quality crises.

11. Cloud Seeding

Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique that aims to enhance precipitation from clouds. It involves introducing particles into clouds to encourage the formation and growth of cloud droplets and ice crystals, which can lead to increased rainfall. Here’s a closer look at the process and its significance:

Process of Cloud Seeding

• Cloud seeding typically uses salts like silver iodide, potassium iodide, or sodium chloride as the ‘seed’.
• These particles are dispersed into clouds either by aircraft or through ground-based generators.
• The goal is for these salts to act as additional nuclei, around which more cloud droplets can form, eventually leading to precipitation.

Significance and Mechanism

• The process accelerates cloud microphysical processes, creating larger droplets that can reach the Earth’s surface without evaporating.
• Cloud condensation nuclei from the salts help in the formation of cloud droplets, while ice nuclei contribute to the formation of ice crystals.
• Ice crystals tend to grow faster than droplets, becoming heavy enough to fall as precipitation.

Conditions Required

• Adequate cloud cover and specific types of clouds are essential for successful cloud seeding.
• Clouds need to have sufficient depth and contain an adequate number of droplets that can be enlarged through seeding.
• Factors such as cloud height and water content are also crucial considerations.

Previous Instances in India

• Cloud seeding has been attempted during the monsoon seasons in states like Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
• The CAIPEEX-IV experiment conducted in Solapur, Maharashtra, during the 2018 and 2019 monsoon seasons, indicated a relative rainfall enhancement of 18%.
• IIT Kanpur also conducted trials during the pre-monsoon months of April and May 2018, with successful rainfall in five out of six trials.

12.  Zero Draft Plastic Pollution Treaty:

• It is an international legally binding instrument to end plastic pollution including in the marine environment.
• The zero draft has 10 placeholders to discuss issues like the preamble, definitions, principles and scope, in addition to the institutional arrangements and the final provisions. 
• Member states such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, and China at INC-2 stressed the importance of defining the scope of the legally binding instrument.
• India had agreed with this proposal.

Plastic Pollution in India

• As per reports from the Central Pollution Control Board, plastic waste accounts for 8% of the overall solid waste, with Delhi being the largest contributor, followed by Kolkata and Ahmedabad. 
• India produces more than 3 million tons of plastic waste, but the recycling rate for the total plastic waste stands at just 30%.

13. Sand and Dust Storms (SDS)

• Increasing Incidence: SDS have seen a dramatic increase in frequency and severity, with significant impacts in countries from Turkey to Oman, particularly Iraq.
• Health Impact: In Iraq alone, 10 dust storms between April and June 2022 resulted in over 5,000 hospitalizations.

Challenges to Sustainable Development

• SDGs Off Track: Progress towards the UN-mandated Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030 is hindered by SDS, especially in Africa and the Middle East.
• Global Recognition: Despite the increasing threat, global awareness and recognition of SDS as a hazard remain low.

International Efforts and Observances

• International Day: The UN observed the first-ever International Day of Combatting Sand and Dust Storms on July 12, 2023, to raise awareness.
• This observance coincided with the High-level Political Forum on SDGs in New York.

Environmental and Human Impact

• Atmospheric Particles: Annually, around 2 million tonnes of sand and dust enter the atmosphere, with at least 25% originating from human activities.
• Geographical Hotspots: Primary hotspots include the Sahara Desert, the Middle East, and regions in China, Australia, Africa, Bolivia, and the United States.
• Health Hazards: SDS adversely affect air quality and human health, leading to respiratory issues and other health problems.

14. UNCCD Data on Land Degradation: Key Highlights

Land Degradation Trends:

• Annual Loss: Over 100 million hectares of productive land lost annually between 2015 and 2019, double the size of Greenland.
• Global Worsening: Land degradation is escalating rapidly worldwide.

Regional Variances:

• Severe Degradation: Eastern and Central Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean face severe degradation, affecting over 20% of their land.
• Above Average Rates: Sub-Saharan Africa, Western and Southern Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean exceed the global degradation rate.
• Significant Losses: 163 million hectares in Sub-Saharan Africa and 108 million hectares in Latin America and the Caribbean degraded since 2015.

Bright Spots:

• Botswana: Reduced land degradation from 36% to 17%, committing 45.3 million hectares to Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) targets.
• Dominican Republic: Decreased degraded land from 49% to 31% between 2015 and 2019, with restoration efforts in key areas.
• Uzbekistan: Showed significant improvement by reducing degraded land from 30% to 26%, engaging in environmental restoration activities like saxaul planting.
• India: Experienced an increase in degraded land from 4.42% in 2015 to 9.45% in 2019.

UNCCD Recommendations for LDN Targets:

• Restoration Goal: Emphasizes the need to restore 1.5 billion hectares of degraded land by 2030 to meet LDN objectives.
• Optimism: Despite concerning trends, achieving or surpassing LDN goals is feasible with halted degradation and enhanced restoration.
• Voluntary Targets: Many countries have set voluntary LDN targets for 2030, highlighting the necessity of funding for these initiatives.

Understanding Land Degradation:

• Causes: Result of extreme weather, particularly drought, and human activities degrading soil and land utility.
• Impacts: Leads to desertification, accelerates climate change and biodiversity loss, and increases droughts, wildfires, involuntary migration, and zoonotic diseases.

15. Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN)

• Definition: LDN is a strategy aimed at maintaining or enhancing the health and productivity of natural resources.
• Objective: To balance land degradation by avoiding degradation where possible and restoring degraded land.

Core Principles

• Focus on better land management and land-use planning.
• Enhances economic, social, and ecological sustainability for current and future generations.

Benefits

• Contributes to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
• Potential to transform land from a GHG source to a carbon sink.
• Increases carbon stocks in soils and vegetation, aiding in climate change efforts.

16. Global Environment Facility- GEF

The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is a multilateral environmental fund that provides grants and blended finance for projects related to biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), mercury, sustainable forest management, food security, and sustainable cities in developing countries. It is the largest source of multilateral funding for biodiversity globally and distributes more than $1 billion a year on average to address inter-related environmental challenges.

The GEF was established ahead of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and includes 184 countries in partnership with international institutions, civil society organizations, and the private sector.

In addition to funding projects through grants and blended finance, the GEF also serves as financial mechanism for the following conventions:

• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
• Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
• Minamata Convention on Mercury

The GEF also supports implementation of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MP).

17. Global Declaration for River Dolphins

• Recent Development: 11 countries in Asia and South America signed a deal in Bogota, Colombia.
• Purpose: To save the world’s six remaining river dolphin species from extinction.
• Urgency: River dolphin populations have declined by 73% since the 1980s.

About the Declaration

• Aim: To halt the decline of river dolphin species and bolster vulnerable populations.
• Measures: Includes eradicating gillnets, reducing pollution, expanding research, and creating protected areas.
• Participating Countries: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Colombia, Ecuador, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, Venezuela, and a regional representative from Indonesia.

Foundational Pillars

1. Protected Areas: Establishing a network to safeguard river dolphins.
2. Site Management: Improving management practices at dolphin habitats.
3. Research and Monitoring: Expanding efforts to understand dolphin populations and threats.
4. Community Engagement: Involving local communities and Indigenous Peoples in conservation.
5. Fishing Practices: Eradicating unsustainable fishing methods like gillnetting.
6. Water Quality: Enhancing the quality and quantity of water in dolphin habitats.
7. Awareness: Promoting World River Dolphin Day on October 24th to raise awareness.
8. Resources and Partnerships: Augmenting resource allocation and forming strategic partnerships for conservation efforts.

18. River Dolphins

General Information

• Habitat: Freshwater river systems in Asia and South America.
• Species: Six surviving species known globally.

Surviving Species and Status

1. Amazon River Dolphin: Endangered
2. Ganges River Dolphin: Endangered
3. Indus River Dolphin: Endangered
4. Irrawaddy Dolphin: Endangered
5. Tucuxi: Endangered
6. Yangtze Finless Porpoise: Critically Endangered

Extinct Species

• Chinese River Dolphin: Declared ‘probably extinct’ in 2007.

Conservation Status

• IUCN Red List:
  • Yangtze finless porpoise is listed as Critically Endangered.
  • Other species are categorized as Endangered.

19. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority:

• It is a Statutory body created by an act of Parliament.
• It works under the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
• Formation:
  • In order to provide for the establishment of an effective system for the protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders and to encourage the development of new varieties of plants, the of India enacted “The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FR) Act, 2001” adopting sui generis system.
  • The legislation recognizes the contributions of both commercial plant breeders and farmers in plant breeding activity and also provides to implement TRIPs in a way that supports the specific socio-economic interests of all the stakeholders including private, public sectors and research institutions, as well as resource-constrained farmers.
  • To implement the provisions of the Act, the established the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority on 11 November, 2005.

News- The Delhi High Court recently upheld an order by the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPVFRA), revoking the intellectual property protection granted to PepsiCo India Holdings Pvt. Ltd with respect to a potato variety developed by it.

20. Red Sanders

Conservation Status

• IUCN Status: Endangered
• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, India: Schedule IV
• CITES Status: Appendix II

Habitat: Indian endemic tree species, with a restricted geographical range in the Eastern Ghats of India.

• Found in distinct tract of forests in Andhra Pradesh.

Characteristics:

• Very slow-growing tree species that attains maturity after 25 – 40 years.
• Resistant to droughts.
• Also known as: Almug, Saunderwood, Red Sanders, Red Sanderswood, Red Saunders, Yerra  Chandanam, Rakta chandana (Indian), Lal Chandan, Ragat Chandan, Rukhto Chandan, Undum.
• High in demand across Asia, particularly China, due to its therapeutic properties, for use in  cosmetics, medicinal products, and high-end furniture/woodcraft.

News– India has been removed from the negative list for export of Red Sanders by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). 

21. INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES

Why in News:

• The Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) released an “Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control.”
• Highlights the proliferation of invasive alien species and their impact on biodiversity.

Major Highlights of the Report:

• Scale of Invasion:
  • About 37,000 alien species introduced by humans.
  • Over 3,500 are invasive, threatening ecosystems.
  • Invasive percentages: 6% plants, 22% invertebrates, 14% vertebrates, 11% microbes.
• Leading Invasive Species:
  • Water hyacinth, lantana, black rat, brown rat, and house mouse identified as significant invaders.
• Perceived Benefits vs. Negative Impacts:
  • Species introduced for benefits in forestry, agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, and pets.
  • Negative impacts overlooked, contributing to 60% of plant and animal extinctions.
  • Invasive species recognized as a primary driver of biodiversity loss.
• Regional Distribution:
  • Impacts reported: 34% Americas, 31% Europe/Central Asia, 25% Asia/Pacific, 7% Africa.
  • Majority of impacts on land, particularly in forests, woodlands, and cultivated areas.
  • On over 25% of islands, alien plants outnumber natives.
  • 85% of impacts on native species are negative.

What are Invasive Alien Species?

• Organisms introduced outside their native range, disrupting ecosystems.

Factors Responsible for Rising Invasive Species:

• Globalization: Increased trade and travel spread species unintentionally.
• Climate Change: Alters environments, aiding invasive species.
• Human Introduction: For gardening, landscaping, and pest control, leading to escapes.

Impacts of Invasive Alien Species:

• Ecological: Outcompete and predate on native species, disrupting ecosystems.
• Economic: Costs exceeding USD 423 billion annually, with damages to infrastructure.
• Food Supply: Reductions affecting local economies, like fisheries.
• Health: Spread of diseases like malaria and Zika, impacting human health.

International Instruments and Programmes:

• Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022): Commitment to reduce invasive species by 50% by 2030.
• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD – 1992): Recognizes invasive species as a major threat.
• Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS – 1979) and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES – 1975): Aim to conserve species and control invasive species.

22. Kole Wetlands and Invasive Species Threat:

• Kole Wetlands: Internationally important Ramsar site, vital for biodiversity.
• Alien Invasive Threat: Addition of Cabomba furcuta (Pink Bloom) alongside water hyacinth and Salvinia molesta.
  • Canals turning pink due to widespread flowering of Cabomba furcuta.
  • Originally an aquarium plant from central and south America, it has escaped into the wild.
• Impact on Biodiversity:
  • Invasive species like Cabomba furcuta threaten terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
  • Pose significant risk to kole fields, crucial for the state’s paddy production.
• Tourist Attraction with Risks:
  • Pink Bloom became a tourist draw during COVID near Perambra, Kozhikode.
  • Attracts visitors with its massive flowering, turning water bodies pink.

23. Invasive Species in News

24. Central Empowered Committee- CEC

• Why in News: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) establishes a new Central Empowered Committee (CEC) on environmental issues under the Environment (Protection) Act (1986).
• About CEC:
  • Nature: Permanent statutory body, replacing an ad hoc version from 2002.
  • Origin: Formed following the Supreme Court’s order in the case of TN Godavarman vs. Union of India (1996).
  • Composition:
    • Chairman and 3 Expert Members with a 3-year tenure (extendable once up to age 60).
    • Chief Coordinating Officer: Serving officer, not below the rank of DIG of Forests/Director in the Government of India.
  • Expertise: All members must have experience in Environment, Forest, and Wildlife.
• Functions:
  • Monitor the implementation of Supreme Court’s orders, reporting noncompliance to the Centre.
  • Address applications from aggrieved individuals.
• Jurisdiction: Nationwide, with the Centre having the final say in disputes over CEC recommendations.

25. United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF):

• Genesis: Established by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (ECOSOC) in 2000 as a subsidiary body.
• Purpose: Aims to promote the management, conservation, and sustainable development of all types of forests while strengthening long-term political commitment towards these goals.
• Membership: Open to all Member States of the United Nations, including India as a founding member, alongside specialized agencies.

26. Indian Forest & Wood Certification Scheme Launch:

• Initiative by: Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change to foster sustainable forest management and agroforestry.
• Scheme Features:
  • Voluntary third-party certification to encourage sustainable practices.
  • Includes Forest Management Certification, Tree Outside Forest Management Certification, and Chain of Custody Certification.
• Target Audience:
  • State forest departments, individual farmers, Farmer Producer Organizations, and wood-based industries.
• Standards:
  • Forest Management: Based on the Indian Forest Management Standard with 8 criteria, 69 indicators, and 254 verifiers, aligned with the National Working Plan Code 2023.
  • Trees Outside Forests Standard: Newly introduced within this scheme.
• Governance:
  • Overseen by the Indian Forest and Wood Certification Council, a multi-stakeholder advisory body.
  • Members include representatives from various institutions, ministries, state forest departments, and industries.
• Scheme Operation:
  • Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal: Designated as the operating agency.
  • National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (under Quality Council of India): To accredit bodies for conducting independent audits based on the scheme’s standards.

27. National Working Plan Code 2023:

• The MoEFCC has released the “National Working Plan Code-2023” for scientific management of forests and evolving new approaches in July 2023.
• National Working Plan Code which was first adopted in 2004 with a subsequent amendment in 2014 brought uniformity and acted as the guiding principle for the preparation of the working plan for scientific management of different forest divisions of our country.
• The “Indian Forest Management Standard (IFMS)” which is a part of this code, takes into account the diverse forest ecosystem in our country, while trying to bring in uniformity in management.

28. Green Credit Program Launch:

• Why in News: Government introduces a Green Credit program as part of the ‘LiFE’ campaign (Lifestyle for Environment), offering incentives for environmental sustainability actions.
• About Green Credit:
  • A unit of incentive for individuals and entities promoting positive environmental impact.
  • Voluntary initiative to encourage participation in environmental preservation and sustainable practices.
• Covered Activities:
  • Tree Plantation: To increase green cover.
  • Water Management: Efficient use and conservation.
  • Sustainable Agriculture: Eco-friendly farming practices.
  • Waste Management: Reduction of pollution through effective waste systems.
  • Air Pollution Reduction: Improving air quality.
  • Mangrove Conservation and Restoration: Ecosystem protection for ecological balance.
• Earning and Calculation:
  • Participants must register activities on a designated website for verification.
  • Green Credits are awarded based on a verified report, considering factors like resource requirements and environmental outcomes.
• Registry and Trading:
  • Establishment of a Green Credit Registry to manage credits.
  • Creation of a trading platform for domestic market transactions.
• Independence from Carbon Credits:
  • Operates separately from the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023.
  • Activities may also yield carbon credits for climate co-benefits.

29. Ecomark Scheme

Ecomark Scheme provides accreditation and labelling for household and consumer products that meet specific environmental criteria while maintaining quality standards as per Indian norms.

The Central Pollution Control Board administers the Ecomark Scheme in partnership with Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), which is the national body for standards and certification.

30. Coral Reef Breakthrough Initiative Launched:

• Why in News: The International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI), in partnership with the Global Fund for Coral Reefs (GFCR) and High-Level Climate Champions (HLCC), announced the Coral Reef Breakthrough at the 37th ICRI General Meeting, 2023.
• Purpose: A science-based initiative aimed at conserving, protecting, and restoring coral reefs to ensure their critical contributions to humanity.
• Goals:
  • Secure the future of 125,000 km² of shallow-water tropical coral reefs.
  • Mobilize investments of USD 12 billion to bolster the resilience of over half a billion people by 2030.
• Action Points:

• • Mitigate local loss drivers: Address land-based pollution, harmful coastal development, and overfishing.
  • Double protected areas: Enhance coral reef conservation, align with global targets like 30by30 to protect 30% of the Earth’s surfaces by 2030.
  • Implement innovative solutions: Support coral adaptation and impact 30% of degraded reefs by 2030 with climate-smart designs.
  • Secure funding: Aim for USD 12 billion from various sources for coral ecosystem conservation and restoration.

• Impact on SDGs: Achieving Coral Reef Breakthrough targets will significantly contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals, especially SDG14 (Life Below Water).

31. Coral Reefs:

• Composition: Marine invertebrates with calcium carbonate exoskeletons, forming colonies of tiny corals called polyps.
• Global Distribution:
  • 45 countries host 75% of the world’s coral reefs.
  • Predominantly in Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Maldives, Fiji, Papua New Guinea.
  • In India: Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Mannar, Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep Islands.
• Conservation Efforts:
  • The Department of Fisheries advocates for Artificial reefs under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana to rejuvenate coastal fisheries.

32. Operation “Kachchhap”:

• The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) rescued 955 live baby Gangetic turtles during Operation “Kachchhap,” targeting illegal wildlife trade.
• India, a global hotspot for turtle diversity, hosts 29 species of tortoises and freshwater turtles, with 13 species in the Ganges river system.
• DRI, under the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC), Ministry of Finance, leads anti-smuggling efforts in India.

33. Cryptobiosis and Revival of Ancient Microscopic Worms:

• Event: Scientists successfully revived microscopic worms frozen in Siberian permafrost for 46,000 years through a state known as cryptobiosis.
• Cryptobiosis:
  • A condition where an organism exhibits no visible signs of life, with metabolic activity becoming negligible or pausing completely, yet capable of being reversed.

34. Green Deposits

RBI has unveiled a framework for banks and NBFCs to accept green deposits that are meant for investing in eco-friendly climate projects.

What are green deposits?

• A green deposit is a fixed-term deposit for investors looking to invest their surplus cash reserves in environmentally friendly projects.
• It indicates the increased awareness of the importance of ESG (Environmental, social and governance) and sustainable investing.
• Many lenders like HSBC and HDFC have launched green deposits in India for corporates as well as individuals.
• Common themes for green deposits are renewable energy, clean transportation, pollution prevention and control, green building, sustainable water, wastewater management, and others.

35. Resource Efficiency Circular Economy Industry Coalition (RECEIC) Launch:

• Why in News: Launched at the G20 4th Environment and Climate Sustainability Working Group (ECSWG) meeting in Mumbai.
• About RECEIC:
  • An industry-driven initiative.
  • 39 companies from 11 countries are founding members.
  • Aims to boost the implementation of key global agendas including:
    • 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its SDGs.
    • Climate objectives under the Paris Agreement.
    • Kunming Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
    • Kigali Amendments, Resource Efficiency Dialogue Roadmap, and other pertinent international goals.

36. Indian Green Building Council

Vijayawada Railway Station was awarded the ‘Green Railway Station’ certification with the highest rating of Platinum by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC).

About Indian Green Building Council:

• The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) is part of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and was formed in the year 2001.
• It is India’s Premier certification body.
• The council offers a wide array of services, which include developing new green building rating programmes, certification services and green building training programmes.
• The council also organises the Green Building Congress, its annual flagship event on green buildings.
• It is also among the 5 countries that are on the board of the World Green Building Council, discussing global issues at COP and similar global platforms.
• The rating is based on six environmental categories, which include sustainable station facility, health, hygiene and sanitation, energy efficiency, water efficiency, smart and green initiatives and innovation and development.
• Headquarter: Hyderabad.

37. India’s Achievement in LEED Net Zero Certifications:

• Why in News: India surpasses the US and China in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) net zero certifications.
• About LEED Rating System:
  • Global Recognition: A leading certification system for green buildings.
  • Purpose: Offers guidelines for creating efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective buildings.
  • Development: By the U.S. Green Building Council, managed by Green Business Certification Inc.
  • Certification Levels: Certified, Silver, Gold, Platinum.
  • LEED India Programme: Managed by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC).

38. BioCNG/ BioMethane

BioCNG, or biomethane, is a renewable, clean fuel derived from upgrading biogas, which itself is produced from organic waste materials such as agricultural waste, food waste, and sewage sludge.

Benefits of BioCNG:

• High Calorific Value: Produces more energy per unit, making it efficient for various uses including vehicle fuel and power generation.
• Clean Fuel: Lowers emissions of harmful pollutants, contributing to air pollution reduction and environmental protection.
• No Residue or Smoke: Leaves no harmful byproducts, preventing engine damage and promoting cleaner combustion.
• Economical: Can be produced locally from waste, reducing transportation and storage costs, and decreasing energy import dependency.
• Bio-Fertilizers: The byproduct of BioCNG production can be used as bio-fertilizers, enhancing soil health and crop yields.

The Government’s Vision for BioCNG likely involves promoting its use to achieve energy self-sufficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, manage waste effectively, and support sustainable agriculture by utilizing bio-fertilizers. This aligns with broader goals of sustainable development, climate change mitigation, and transitioning to a circular economy.

39. Compressed Bio Gas (CBG) :

• Biogas Composition:
  • Mixture of methane, CO2, and trace amounts of other gases.
  • Produced via anaerobic decomposition of biomass like agricultural residue, municipal solid waste, and sugarcane press mud.
• CBG Characteristics:
  • Purified and compressed form of biogas with >90% methane content.
  • Higher calorific value (47-52 MJ/kg).
  • Other components include CO2 (<4%), Hydrogen Sulphide (<16 ppm), Nitrogen (<0.5%), Oxygen (<0.5%), and Moisture (<5mg/m3).
• Sustainable Alternative: CBG serves as a cleaner, renewable energy source, aligning with sustainable energy goals.

40. India’s First Offshore Wind Projects in Tamil Nadu:

• MNRE Tender: Issued for the construction of India’s inaugural offshore wind energy projects in Tamil Nadu.
• Offshore Wind Energy Overview:
  • Classification:
    • Onshore: Wind turbines in farmland, coastal areas, or high altitudes.
    • Offshore: Turbines located at sea or in large water bodies, offering higher efficiency and more space.
• Benefits: Offshore turbines boast greater efficiency due to consistent winds and minimal physical interference.
• India’s Potential: Estimated at ~140 GW of electricity from offshore wind.
• Targets: MNRE aims for 30 GW of offshore wind installations by 2030.
• Initiatives:
  • National Offshore Wind Energy Policy (2015).
  • Collaboration with the European Union on the Facilitating Offshore Wind Energy in India (FOWIND) project.
• Wind Energy in India:
  • India ranks 4th globally in installed wind power capacity (43.7 GW), trailing China, the USA, and Germany.
  • India aims to set up 140 gigawatts (GW) of wind energy by 2030.
  • Wind energy accounts for 10.3% of India’s energy mix.

41. Parliamentary Committee Report on Tidal Power Development:

• Context: The report focuses on the development of tidal power in India, submitted by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Energy.
• Key Recommendations:
  • Estimated potential for tidal energy: 12,455 MW.
  • Estimated potential for wave energy: 41,300 MW.
• Potential Areas:
  • Gujarat: Gulf of Khambat, Gulf of Kutch, and southern regions.
  • Tamil Nadu: Palk Bay- Mannar Channel.
  • West Bengal: Hoogly river, South Haldia, and Sunderbans.

42. E-Retrofitment

• The Indian government has set itself an ambitious target of 30 per cent sales penetration of electric passenger cars by 2030. This is a step towards India’s mission to achieve Net Zero emissions by 2070.
• In this light, it is impossible to ignore the e-retrofitment industry that is emerging in the country. E-retrofitment refers to the process of replacing the internal combustion engine (ICE) of a vehicle with an electric powertrain to convert it into an electric vehicle (EV). 

43. Electrified Flex Fuel Vehicle Unveiled:

• Why in News: Toyota Kirloskar Motor has introduced the world’s first Bharat Stage-6 (BS6) Stage-II Electrified Flex Fuel Vehicle prototype.
• Key Features:
  • Capable of operating on up to 85% ethanol-blended petrol.
  • Incorporates an electric powertrain for enhanced efficiency.
  • Potential to use ethanol blends beyond 20%, as emphasized by the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas.
• Flex Fuel Vehicles (FFV): Engines designed to run on a mixture of fuels, including Petrol/Diesel/Electric and up to 100% ethanol.
• Electrified Flex Fuel Vehicles:
  • Combines Flex Fuel engine with electric powertrain, promoting higher ethanol use and fuel efficiency.
  • FFV-SHEVs (Flex Fuel Strong Hybrid Electric Vehicles) integrate strong hybrid electric technology, capable of running solely on electric or petrol modes.
• Significance:
  • Supports sustainable transportation and aligns with India’s ‘Aatmnirbhar Bharat’ initiative by leveraging ethanol production.
  • Offers higher fuel efficiency and reduces reliance on conventional fuels.
  • Contributes to decarbonization and green mobility efforts.
• BS6 (Stage II) Norms:
  • Emission Standards: Set by the Government of India to regulate pollutants from vehicles, based on European standards.
  • BS6 Stage II: Introduces stricter limits, Real Driving Emissions (RDE) testing, Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE 2), and On-Board Diagnostics for more accurate emissions data in real-world driving conditions.

44. Ethanol Blending in India:

• About Ethanol: A biofuel derived from the fermentation of sugars by yeasts or through petrochemical methods.
• Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP):
  • Aims to reduce oil imports, lower emissions, and enhance energy self-reliance.
  • Supports doubling farmers’ incomes by transitioning them to ‘urjadata’ (energy providers) from ‘annadata’ (food providers).
  • Contributes to environmental conservation.
• E20 Target Advancement: The Indian government has moved up the timeline for achieving 20% ethanol blending in petrol (E20) to 2025, from the previous target of 2030.
• Progress: Ethanol blending in petrol has increased from 1.53% in 2013-14 to 11.8% in August 2023.

45. Methanol Diesel-15 (MD-15) Development by Indian Railways and IOCL:

• RDSO and IOCL have created Methanol Diesel-15, a special fuel for Indian Railways.
• MD-15 is a blend comprising 15% methanol, 71% mineral diesel, and 14% additives developed by IOCL.
• Benefits of MD-15:
  • Enhanced Performance: Outperforms regular diesel in combustion and emissions.
  • Fuel Efficiency: Can reduce diesel usage by 15%, offering significant annual cost savings.
  • Environmental Impact: Substantially lowers harmful emissions, contributing to a cleaner environment.
  • Reduced NOx Emissions: Lowers nitrogen oxides, mitigating smog and pollution.

46. National Efficient Cooking Programme (NECP) Launch by EESL:

• EESL introduced the National Efficient Cooking Programme (NECP) as part of the Clean Cooking Scheme.
• The programme emphasizes Non-Solar/Electricity-based Induction Cookstoves, supporting the Ministry of Power’s Go-electric initiative.
• Goals:
  • Introduce induction-based cook-stoves.
  • Target to distribute 20 lakh induction cook-stoves across India.
• Environmental and Health Benefits:
  • Aims to reduce the environmental impact from cooking, ensuring cleaner air and better health outcomes.
• Partnerships and Deployment:
  • Collaborated with Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) for widespread induction cooktop deployment.
  • Aims to boost acceptance and large-scale adoption of modern electric cooking devices.
• Cost and Energy Efficiency:
  • Offers a 25-30% cost advantage over conventional cooking methods.
  • Promises energy savings and economical cooking solutions.

47. India’s Ranking in the World Economic Forum’s Energy Transition Index:

• Why in News: India was ranked 67th globally by the World Economic Forum (WEF) on its Energy Transition Index (ETI).
• ETI Insights:
  • India is recognized as the only major economy with accelerating energy transition momentum across all dimensions.
  • Singapore is noted as the only other major economy demonstrating true momentum by advancing sustainability, energy security, and equity in a balanced manner.
• ETI Context: The Energy Transition Index benchmarks 120 economies based on their energy systems’ current performance.

48. Organic Certification Systems in India:

• Participatory Guarantee System (PGS):
  • Implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
  • Designed to be an affordable, accessible certification system without third-party agencies.
  • Focuses on a farmer group-centric approach, primarily for local and domestic markets.
• National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP):
  • Managed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
  • Serves both domestic and international markets, with a more formal certification process involving third-party agencies.

Both systems require adherence to specific steps in the certification process, tailored to different market needs and scales of operation.

49. Launch of ‘Bharat Organics’ by National Cooperative Organics Ltd (NCOL):

• Why in News: NCOL launched organic food products under the brand name ‘Bharat Organics’.
• Launched Products: Includes tur dal, chana dal, sugar, rajma, basmati rice, and Sonamasoori rice.
• ‘Organic Under One Roof’ Concept: Introduction of a retail network for all organic products by NCOL.
• About NCOL:
  • Established in 2023 under the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, 2002.
  • Aimed at providing a marketing platform for farmers practicing natural farming.
  • Promoted by key organizations like Amul, NCCF, NAFED, NDDB (chief promoter), and NCDC.
  • Membership open to cooperative societies or associations as permitted by the Central Registrar.
• Context: NCOL is one of three new cooperatives set up by the government, alongside National Cooperative Exports Limited (NCEL) and Bharatiya Beej Sahkari Samiti Limited (BBSSL).

50. Adoption of Direct-Seeding Method in Rice Cultivation:

• Why in News: Farmers in key rice-growing regions are turning to the direct-seeding method due to delayed rains and labor shortages.
• Direct Seeded Rice (DSR):
  • Known as the ‘broadcasting seed technique,’ it’s a water-saving sowing method.
  • Involves direct drilling of seeds into fields, bypassing nursery preparation and transplantation.
• Benefits:
  • Labor Reduction: Drastically lowers labor requirements, from 25-30 to just two laborers per acre with drum seeders.
  • Time and Resource Efficiency: Saves about 30 days in the crop cycle by skipping nursery cultivation, enabling an earlier start to the rabi season.
  • Water Conservation: Cuts water usage by around 15%, beneficial in regions with delayed rainfall.
  • Increased Yield: Trials and surveys indicate a potential yield increase of one to two quintals per acre over traditional methods.
• Challenges:
  • Weed Management: Direct seeding may lead to increased weed growth.
  • Climate Vulnerability: High temperatures and low rainfall can impact germination and growth.
  • Operational Hurdles: Issues like closed canals, erratic electricity, and pest control need addressing.
• Successful Implementations: Gaining popularity in states like Punjab, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh, with an NGO in Andhra Pradesh applying this method to around 4,000 hectares, showcasing significant cost benefits.