Coral Reefs: Formation, Ecology & Indian Context Module 1: Understanding Coral Biology, Reef Formation, and India’s Coral Ecosystems Core Insight: Corals are complex marine animals that form symbiotic relationships with algae, creating the most biodiverse ecosystems in our oceans despite…
Psychology • Development Across Life Span Life Span Development Characteristics • Developmental Tasks • Psychological Well-Being Life span development views human growth as a continuous, lifelong process. Psychological development does not stop at childhood; instead, it unfolds through qualitative changes,…
PSYCHOLOGY • SOCIALIZATION & CULTURE Influence of Cultural Factors in Socialization Socialization is the process through which individuals learn to become functioning members of society. Culture—shared meanings, values, norms, symbols, and practices—acts as the invisible curriculum that shapes personality, behaviour,…
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Stages of Development Clinical Logic Stage-by-Stage Clarity Visual Timelines Exam-Ready Notes 1) Core Idea: “Personality grows through conflicts around pleasure & control” In Freud’s model, the child is not a “blank slate” but a psychologically active…
Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development A Sociocultural Approach to Understanding How We Learn and Think Lev Vygotsky | Sociocultural Theory Introduction to Vygotsky’s Theory Developed by Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky in the early 20th century,…
Growth and Development: Complete Psychological Guide 🌱 Growth and Development: Complete Psychological Guide 1. Growth vs. Development: Core Concepts Human growth and development describe the dynamic, lifelong process of change beginning at conception. Growth refers specifically to measurable, physical increases…
Statistical Techniques for UPSC Psychology: t-test & ANOVA 📊 Application of Statistical Techniques (UPSC Psychology) For UPSC Psychology Optional, a strong grasp of statistical techniques is indispensable. You’re not expected to perform complex calculations, but to understand when to use…
Research Designs: Experimental & Ex-Post Facto (UPSC Content) 🔬 Research Designs: Experimental & Ex-Post Facto (UPSC Special) UPSC Focus: Understanding research methodology is crucial for Sociology, Psychology, and Public Administration optionals, and for interpreting policy-related studies in General Studies papers.…
Methods of Data Collection in Psychology 1. Introduction: Meaning of Data Collection in Psychology In psychological research, data collection refers to the systematic gathering of information about behaviour, experiences, attitudes, emotions, and mental processes using scientifically approved techniques. Since psychological…
Fundamental versus Applied Research in Psychology 1. Introduction: Two Purposes of Psychological Research Psychology, as a scientific discipline, seeks both to understand human behaviour and to improve human well-being. These two goals are reflected in the distinction between Fundamental (Basic)…
Reliability in Psychological Research 1. Meaning and Concept of Reliability In psychological research, reliability refers to the consistency, stability, and dependability of a measurement tool. A psychological test or instrument is said to be reliable if it produces similar results…
Major Steps in Psychological Research — Block 1 1. Meaning and Nature of Psychological Research Psychological research refers to the systematic, objective, and scientific investigation of human behaviour, mental processes, and experiences. It aims to move beyond speculation and common…
Advanced Qualitative Methods in Psychology 1. Focused Group Discussion (FGD) Conceptual Foundation A Focused Group Discussion (FGD) is a structured qualitative method where a small, homogeneous group discusses a specific psychological or social issue under the guidance of a trained…
Quasi-Experimental Designs Real-World Causation • Partial Control • Applied Psychology 1. Introduction: Why Quasi-Experimental Designs? In an ideal scientific setting, psychologists prefer true experimental designs with random assignment and full control. However, in many real-world situations, randomisation is impossible, unethical,…
Methods of Psychology — Types of Research Descriptive • Evaluative • Diagnostic • Prognostic 1. Meaning and Importance of Research Typology in Psychology Psychological research does not follow a single purpose. Different studies aim to describe behaviour, evaluate interventions, diagnose…
Psychology and Political Science Psychology and Political Science intersect in their concern with power, authority, leadership, ideology, and mass behaviour. While Political Science traditionally studies institutions, constitutions, governments, and public policy, Psychology focuses on the mental processes and behavioural patterns…
Psychology and Economics Psychology and Economics both seek to explain human decision-making, but they differ fundamentally in their assumptions about human nature. Traditional Economics assumes that individuals are rational, self-interested utility maximizers, whereas Psychology demonstrates that human decisions are often…
Psychology and Anthropology Psychology and Anthropology are closely related disciplines concerned with understanding human behaviour, but they differ fundamentally in their level of analysis and explanatory focus. While Psychology primarily studies mental processes and behaviour of individuals, Anthropology examines culture,…
Psychology and Sociology Psychology and Sociology are closely related behavioural sciences that study human behaviour, but at different levels of analysis. While Psychology focuses on the individual mind and behaviour, Sociology examines groups, institutions, social structures, and collective processes. Together,…
Psychology in Relation to Natural Sciences Natural sciences seek to explain phenomena through objective laws, biological mechanisms, and physical processes. Psychology, while studying behaviour and mental processes, draws heavily from natural sciences to explain the biological, physiological, and evolutionary foundations…
Psychology and Scientific Methods For psychology to establish itself as a legitimate academic discipline, it had to move beyond philosophical speculation and subjective reflection. The adoption of scientific methods enabled psychology to study behaviour and mental processes systematically, objectively, and…
Trends in Psychology in the 21st Century Psychology in the 21st century has undergone profound transformation. No longer confined to laboratory experiments or clinical settings alone, modern psychology is shaped by advances in neuroscience, technology, globalisation, cultural diversity, and interdisciplinary…
Historical Antecedents of Psychology Psychology as a scientific discipline is the result of a long intellectual journey that spans philosophy, medicine, biology and experimental science. Long before psychology became an independent subject, thinkers across cultures attempted to explain human consciousness,…
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) New Development Finance • Infrastructure Focus • Asia-Centric Ownership • India’s Strategic Location 1. Genesis, Rationale & Global Context The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was formally established in 2016 as a multilateral development bank…
Asian Development Bank (ADB) – Core Framework Regional Development Finance • Infrastructure • Poverty Reduction • Asia–Pacific Growth 1. Origin, Rationale & Evolution The Asian Development Bank (ADB) was established in 1966 to serve as the principal multilateral development institution…
Exchange Rate Systems & Currency Convertibility- Smart module for UPSC Economics, GS, Prelims and Mains exams, NET/JRF, State PCS and other exams worldwide, equipped with flowcharts, revision tables, and mind-maps for fast and comprehensive coverage.
Jeremy Bentham – Classical Utilitarianism & Hedonic Calculus Consequentialism · Quantitative Pleasure · Welfare Maximisation · Penal Reform 1. Introduction — Bentham’s Significance in Ethics & Governance Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) is the founder of classical utilitarianism, a moral philosophy built…
Swami Vivekananda – Ethics of Strength, Service & Universalism Character · Fearlessness · Selfless Service · Humanism · Duty · Oneness of Humanity 1. Quick Insight Grid – Vivekananda’s Ethical Vision Value Meaning Governance Relevance Strength Moral courage, fearlessness, willpower…
1. Introduction – Empathy, Tolerance & Compassion in Public Service In a diverse and unequal society, civil servants constantly engage with people from different castes, religions, classes, genders, regions and abilities. Many belong to weaker sections who face structural disadvantages…
1. Introduction Ethical governance rests on four foundational principles — Impartiality, Integrity, Non-Partisanship and Dedication to Public Service. These values ensure that public administration remains fair, neutral, honest, constitutional and citizen-centric, especially in environments where political pressure, social diversity and…
1. Understanding Aptitude in Civil Services Aptitude refers to an individual’s natural or acquired capacity to perform tasks, solve problems, understand situations and deliver outcomes efficiently. In civil services, aptitude represents a combination of mental ability, emotional strength, ethical orientation…
1. Utilities of Emotional Intelligence in Governance Emotional Intelligence (EI) plays a transformative role in strengthening administrative efficiency, leadership quality, ethical behaviour, citizen relations and crisis response. Administrators operate in socially complex environments where emotions strongly influence public expectations, grievances,…
1. Introduction to Emotional Intelligence (EI) Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the ability to recognise, understand, use and manage emotions in oneself and in others, in ways that support effective thinking, ethical behaviour and constructive relationships. In administration and governance, officials…
1. Introduction: Why Social Influence & Persuasion Matter Human behaviour is shaped not only by individual beliefs but also by social expectations, peer pressure, group identity, authority structures, and communication strategies. Even people with strong personal values may act differently…
1. Attitude as the Bridge Between Thought and Behaviour Attitude is a learned and relatively stable evaluation (favourable or unfavourable) of a person, group, event, value or policy. It has cognitive (beliefs), affective (feelings) and behavioural (action tendency) components. Because…
1. Understanding Attitude: Meaning & Components (C–A–B Model) In Ethics, attitude refers to a learned and relatively stable mental readiness to respond favourably or unfavourably towards a person, event, idea, policy or institution. It develops through socialisation, learning, observation and…
Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance IASNova Smart-Prep Module for UPSC Ethics (GS-IV) 1. Meaning & Importance of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance Strengthening ethical and moral values in governance means embedding integrity, honesty, fairness, compassion, justice,…
Accountability and Ethical Governance IASNova Smart-Prep Module for UPSC Ethics (GS-IV) 1. Meaning & Importance of Accountability in Public Administration Accountability means that public officials are answerable for actions, decisions, performance, and use of public funds. They must justify actions…
Corporate Governance IASNova Smart-Prep Module for UPSC Ethics (GS-IV) 1. Meaning, Purpose & Ethical Foundations of Corporate Governance Corporate governance refers to: • Systems and processes guiding corporate decision-making • Ensuring fairness, transparency, accountability, integrity • Balancing interests of shareholders,…
Ethical Issues in International Relations & Funding IASNova Smart-Prep Module for UPSC Ethics (GS-IV) 1. Why Ethics Matters in International Relations International relations operate in a grey zone where national interest and moral responsibility often clash. Ethical failures in IR…
Problems and Status of Ethics in Public Administration IASNova Smart-Prep Module for UPSC Ethics (GS-IV) Ethical failures in governance arise not only from individual misconduct but also from structural constraints, institutional design flaws, political pressures, and cultural weaknesses. This module…
Ethical Dilemmas and Concerns in Government & Private Institutions IASNova Smart-Prep Module for UPSC Ethics (GS-IV) Public administration constantly confronts ethical crossroads where legality, morality, public interest, personal values, and institutional pressures collide. For UPSC, this topic is central to…
Citizen’s Charter Introduction A Citizen’s Charter is a public declaration of an organisation’s commitment to its service standards. It specifies the services offered, timelines for delivery, responsibilities of officials, and grievance redressal mechanisms. It strengthens transparency, accountability and citizen empowerment…
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