IASNOVA
Venezuela Quick Revision Sheet- Important Topic for UPSC Prelims 2026
Karl Marx Theories Game
Structure and Forms of Public Organisations- Ministries, Departments, Corporations, and Companies
Structure and Forms: Ministries & Departments, Corporations, Companies (Public Administration) Structure and Forms of Public Organisations Ministries & Departments • Public Corporations • Government Companies Public organisations exist in different structural forms to meet different kinds of public purposes. Some…
Organisations: Systems Theory & Contingency Theory
Organisations (Public Administration): Systems Theory & Contingency Theory Organisations: Systems Theory & Contingency Theory Public Administration Smart Module • Organisations (Theories) • Systems • Contingency In Public Administration, “organisation” is not just a chart of posts. It is a living…
Morale in Administrative Behavior- Smart Prep Module
Morale in Administrative Behavior Morale in Administrative Behavior Morale represents the collective attitude, enthusiasm, and confidence of employees toward their work, organization, and goals. In public administration, high morale is essential for effective service delivery, policy implementation, and organizational resilience.…
Motivation Theories: Content, Process & Contemporary
Motivation Theories (Public Administration): Content, Process & Contemporary Motivation Theories Public Administration • Content • Process • Contemporary In Public Administration, motivation explains why public employees initiate effort, sustain it, and direct it toward goals like service delivery, rule compliance,…
Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modern- Smart Prep Module
Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modern Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modern Leadership represents a fundamental pillar of effective public administration, influencing organizational performance, policy implementation, and public service delivery. The evolution of leadership theories reflects changing organizational paradigms, societal…
Communication in Administrative Behaviour: Smart Prep Module for Public Administration
Communication in Administrative Behaviour Communication in Administrative Behaviour Communication serves as the lifeblood of administrative organizations, enabling coordination, control, motivation, and information exchange. In public administration, effective communication is not merely a skill but a fundamental requirement for organizational effectiveness.…
Process & Techniques of Decision Making in Public Administration- Smart Prep Module
Decision-Making Process & Techniques Decision-Making: Process & Techniques Decision-making forms the core of administrative behaviour and organizational functioning. Every manager, from frontline supervisors to top executives, engages in making decisions that shape organizational outcomes. Understanding the systematic process and mastering…
Participative Management: Likert, Argyris & McGregor- Smart Prep Module
Participative Management: Likert, Argyris, and McGregor Participative Management: Likert, Argyris & McGregor Module Introduction: The Human Relations Movement Participative management represents a fundamental shift from traditional authoritarian approaches to organizational leadership. Emerging from the Human Relations Movement of the mid-20th…
Herbert Simon: Decision-Making Theory- Smart Prep Module
Simon’s Decision-Making Theory: Bounded Rationality & Administrative Behavior Herbert Simon: Decision-Making Theory Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001) An American political scientist, economist, sociologist, psychologist, and computer scientist who pioneered theories of decision-making, organization theory, and artificial intelligence. Winner of the Nobel…
Chester I. Barnard: Functions of the Executive- Smart Prep Module
Functions of the Executive: Chester I. Barnard Chester I. Barnard: Functions of the Executive Chester Irving Barnard (1886-1961) An American business executive, public administrator, and pioneering organizational theorist who bridged the gap between classical management theory and human relations approach.…
The Human Relations School: Elton Mayo & The Hawthorne Revolution
Human Relations School: Elton Mayo & The Hawthorne Studies The Human Relations School: Elton Mayo & The Hawthorne Revolution Module Introduction: Discovering the Human Element The Human Relations School represents a paradigm shift in organizational theory—a transition from viewing workers…
Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett)- Smart Prep Module
Dynamic Administration: Mary Parker Follett Dynamic Administration: The Pioneering Work of Mary Parker Follett Mary Parker Follett (1868-1933) An American social worker, management theorist, and organizational behavior pioneer who challenged traditional bureaucratic models. Despite working decades ahead of her time,…
Post-Weberian Developments in Public Administration- Smart Prep Module
Post-Weberian Developments in Public Administration Post-Weberian Developments in Public Administration Module Introduction: Beyond Classical Bureaucracy Building upon the foundations of Weber’s bureaucratic model, this module explores the evolution of administrative thought from the mid-20th century to the present. As societies,…
Weber’s Bureaucratic Model: Foundations, Critique & Evolution- Smart Module
Weber’s Bureaucratic Model: Study Module Weber’s Bureaucratic Model: Foundations, Critique & Evolution Academic Module Overview Max Weber’s bureaucratic model remains the foundational theory in public administration, shaping modern governments worldwide. This comprehensive module explores Weber’s ideal-type bureaucracy, examines critical perspectives,…
Classical Theory of Administration- Smart Prep Module
Classical Theory Module Classical Theory of Administration Administrative Management School: Principles, Structure, and Functions Key Figure: Henri Fayol Era: Early 20th Century Core Text: General and Industrial Management (1916) Focus: Universal Management Principles Comprehensive Overview of Classical Theory The Classical…
Scientific Management (Taylorism) and Scientific Management Movement- Smart Module
Scientific Management Module Scientific Management Taylorism and the Scientific Management Movement in Administrative Thought Key Figure: Frederick Winslow Taylor Era: 1880s – 1920s Core Text: The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) Focus: Systematic Efficiency & Productivity Comprehensive Overview of Scientific…
NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT (NPM)- Smart Prep Module for Public Administration
NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT (NPM) Managerial Revolution in Public Administration From Bureaucracy to Business-like Government: The Market-Oriented Reform Movement 🎯 1. DEFINITION AND CORE CONCEPT New Public Management (NPM) is a management philosophy and set of reforms that apply private sector…
Good Governance: Smart Module on Concept and Application
GOOD GOVERNANCE: CONCEPT AND APPLICATION From Theory to Practice: The Framework for Effective Administration Principles, Pillars, and Practical Implementation of Good Governance 🏛️ 1. CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE Good Governance refers to the manner in which power is exercised…
Challenges of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization- Smart Prep Module
CHALLENGES OF LIBERALIZATION, PRIVATIZATION, GLOBALIZATION The LPG Reforms: Opportunities and Challenges for Public Administration Economic Reforms and their Administrative Implications in the 21st Century 🌍 1. UNDERSTANDING THE LPG TRINITY The LPG Model represents the three interconnected economic reforms that…
PUBLIC CHOICE APPROACH in Public Administration- Smart Prep Module
IASNOVA | Public Choice Approach PUBLIC CHOICE APPROACH Applying Economic Principles to Political Decision-Making A Critique of Government Intervention Based on Rational Choice and Self-Interest Assumptions 1. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY? Public Choice Theory is an interdisciplinary approach…
NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION- Smart Prep Module for UPSC
IASNOVA | New Public Administration NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The Minnowbrook Revolution: From Efficiency to Social Equity A Normative Movement for Relevance, Values, and Social Justice in Administration 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT: THE MINNOWBROOK CONFERENCE September 1968: A landmark conference organized by…
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION- Smart Prep Module
IASNOVA | Evolution of Public Administration EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION From Wilson to Digital Governance: The Journey of a Discipline Tracing the Paradigm Shifts and Current Status of Public Administration as an Academic Discipline 1. THE FOUNDATIONAL ERA (1887-1920s) Woodrow…
WOODROW WILSON’S Vision of Public Administration- Smart Prep Module
Meaning, Scope, and Significance of Public Administration- Smart Prep Module
IASNOVA | Public Administration Smart Module 1.1 INTRODUCTION: MEANING, SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1. CORE CONCEPT: WHAT IS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION? Public Administration (PA) is the practical implementation of government policy and the management of public programs. It is…
Coral Reefs and Coral Bleaching- Smart Prep Geography Module
Coral Reefs: Formation, Ecology & Indian Context Module 1: Understanding Coral Biology, Reef Formation, and India’s Coral Ecosystems Core Insight: Corals are complex marine animals that form symbiotic relationships with algae, creating the most biodiverse ecosystems in our oceans despite…
Life Span Development- Characteristics, Developmental Tasks, and Psychological Well-Being
Psychology • Development Across Life Span Life Span Development Characteristics • Developmental Tasks • Psychological Well-Being Life span development views human growth as a continuous, lifelong process. Psychological development does not stop at childhood; instead, it unfolds through qualitative changes,…
Influence of Cultural Factors in Socialization: Smart Prep Psychology Module
PSYCHOLOGY • SOCIALIZATION & CULTURE Influence of Cultural Factors in Socialization Socialization is the process through which individuals learn to become functioning members of society. Culture—shared meanings, values, norms, symbols, and practices—acts as the invisible curriculum that shapes personality, behaviour,…
Role of Genetic & Environmental Factors in Determining Human Behaviour: Smart Prep Psychology Module
Principles of Development: Development of Human Behavior- Smart Prep Psychology Module
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Stages of Development: Smart Prep Psychology Module
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Stages of Development Clinical Logic Stage-by-Stage Clarity Visual Timelines Exam-Ready Notes 1) Core Idea: “Personality grows through conflicts around pleasure & control” In Freud’s model, the child is not a “blank slate” but a psychologically active…
Kohlberg’s Moral Stages of Development- Smart Prep Psychology Module
Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Smart Prep Psychology Module
Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development A Sociocultural Approach to Understanding How We Learn and Think Lev Vygotsky | Sociocultural Theory Introduction to Vygotsky’s Theory Developed by Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky in the early 20th century,…
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: Smart Prep Psychology Module
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development- Smart Prep Psychology Module
Human Growth and Development: Smart Prep Psychology Module
Growth and Development: Complete Psychological Guide 🌱 Growth and Development: Complete Psychological Guide 1. Growth vs. Development: Core Concepts Human growth and development describe the dynamic, lifelong process of change beginning at conception. Growth refers specifically to measurable, physical increases…
Application of statistical techniques (t-test, Two-way ANOVA, Correlation and Regression, and Factor Analysis) and ITEM RESPONSE THEORY: Smart Module
Statistical Techniques for UPSC Psychology: t-test & ANOVA 📊 Application of Statistical Techniques (UPSC Psychology) For UPSC Psychology Optional, a strong grasp of statistical techniques is indispensable. You’re not expected to perform complex calculations, but to understand when to use…
Research Designs- Experimental and Ex-Post Facto Designs: Smart Prep Module
Research Designs: Experimental & Ex-Post Facto (UPSC Content) 🔬 Research Designs: Experimental & Ex-Post Facto (UPSC Special) UPSC Focus: Understanding research methodology is crucial for Sociology, Psychology, and Public Administration optionals, and for interpreting policy-related studies in General Studies papers.…
Methods of Data Collection in Psychology- Interviews, Observation, Questionnaire and Case Study
Methods of Data Collection in Psychology 1. Introduction: Meaning of Data Collection in Psychology In psychological research, data collection refers to the systematic gathering of information about behaviour, experiences, attitudes, emotions, and mental processes using scientifically approved techniques. Since psychological…
Fundamental versus Applied Research in Psychology: Smart Prep UPSC Module
Fundamental versus Applied Research in Psychology 1. Introduction: Two Purposes of Psychological Research Psychology, as a scientific discipline, seeks both to understand human behaviour and to improve human well-being. These two goals are reflected in the distinction between Fundamental (Basic)…
Reliability and Validity in Psychological Research: Smart Prep UPSC Module
Reliability in Psychological Research 1. Meaning and Concept of Reliability In psychological research, reliability refers to the consistency, stability, and dependability of a measurement tool. A psychological test or instrument is said to be reliable if it produces similar results…
Sampling in Psychological Research: Smart Prep UPSC Module
Mega-Flowchart- Major Steps in Psychological Research
Major Steps in Psychological Research — Block 1 1. Meaning and Nature of Psychological Research Psychological research refers to the systematic, objective, and scientific investigation of human behaviour, mental processes, and experiences. It aims to move beyond speculation and common…
Focused Group Discussion, Brainstorming, and Grounded Theory: Smart Prep UPSC Psychology Module
Advanced Qualitative Methods in Psychology 1. Focused Group Discussion (FGD) Conceptual Foundation A Focused Group Discussion (FGD) is a structured qualitative method where a small, homogeneous group discusses a specific psychological or social issue under the guidance of a trained…
Quasi-Experimental Designs: Smart Prep Module on Methods of Psychology
Quasi-Experimental Designs Real-World Causation • Partial Control • Applied Psychology 1. Introduction: Why Quasi-Experimental Designs? In an ideal scientific setting, psychologists prefer true experimental designs with random assignment and full control. However, in many real-world situations, randomisation is impossible, unethical,…
Experimental and Non-Experimental Research Designs: Smart Prep UPSC Psychology Module
Methods of Research in Psychology- Survey, Observation, Case Study, and Experiment
Types of Research in Psychology: Descriptive, Evaluative, Diagnostic, and Prognostic
Methods of Psychology — Types of Research Descriptive • Evaluative • Diagnostic • Prognostic 1. Meaning and Importance of Research Typology in Psychology Psychological research does not follow a single purpose. Different studies aim to describe behaviour, evaluate interventions, diagnose…
Application of Psychology to Societal Problems: Smart Prep UPSC Module
Psychology and Political Science: Smart Prep UPSC Module
Psychology and Political Science Psychology and Political Science intersect in their concern with power, authority, leadership, ideology, and mass behaviour. While Political Science traditionally studies institutions, constitutions, governments, and public policy, Psychology focuses on the mental processes and behavioural patterns…
Psychology and Economics: Smart Prep UPSC Module
Psychology and Economics Psychology and Economics both seek to explain human decision-making, but they differ fundamentally in their assumptions about human nature. Traditional Economics assumes that individuals are rational, self-interested utility maximizers, whereas Psychology demonstrates that human decisions are often…
Psychology and Anthropology: Smart Prep UPSC Module
Psychology and Anthropology Psychology and Anthropology are closely related disciplines concerned with understanding human behaviour, but they differ fundamentally in their level of analysis and explanatory focus. While Psychology primarily studies mental processes and behaviour of individuals, Anthropology examines culture,…
Psychology in Relation to Sociology: Smart Prep UPSC Module
Psychology and Sociology Psychology and Sociology are closely related behavioural sciences that study human behaviour, but at different levels of analysis. While Psychology focuses on the individual mind and behaviour, Sociology examines groups, institutions, social structures, and collective processes. Together,…
Psychology in Relation to Natural Sciences: Smart Prep UPSC Module
Psychology in Relation to Natural Sciences Natural sciences seek to explain phenomena through objective laws, biological mechanisms, and physical processes. Psychology, while studying behaviour and mental processes, draws heavily from natural sciences to explain the biological, physiological, and evolutionary foundations…
Psychology and Scientific Methods- Smart Prep UPSC Module
Psychology and Scientific Methods For psychology to establish itself as a legitimate academic discipline, it had to move beyond philosophical speculation and subjective reflection. The adoption of scientific methods enabled psychology to study behaviour and mental processes systematically, objectively, and…
Trends in Psychology in the 21st Century- Smart Prep UPSC Module
Trends in Psychology in the 21st Century Psychology in the 21st century has undergone profound transformation. No longer confined to laboratory experiments or clinical settings alone, modern psychology is shaped by advances in neuroscience, technology, globalisation, cultural diversity, and interdisciplinary…
Historical Antecedents of Psychology: Smart Prep UPSC Module
Historical Antecedents of Psychology Psychology as a scientific discipline is the result of a long intellectual journey that spans philosophy, medicine, biology and experimental science. Long before psychology became an independent subject, thinkers across cultures attempted to explain human consciousness,…
Definition of Psychology (Introduction to Psychology): Smart UPSC Prep Module
Global Climate Funds & India’s Climate Finance Architecture: Smart Module
Currency Wars, De-dollarisation & Global Reserve Shift: Smart Module for Economics and GS
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and New Development Bank (NDB)- Smart Prep Module for UPSC
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) New Development Finance • Infrastructure Focus • Asia-Centric Ownership • India’s Strategic Location 1. Genesis, Rationale & Global Context The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was formally established in 2016 as a multilateral development bank…
Asian Development Bank (ADB) and INDIA- Smart Module for UPSC
Asian Development Bank (ADB) – Core Framework Regional Development Finance • Infrastructure • Poverty Reduction • Asia–Pacific Growth 1. Origin, Rationale & Evolution The Asian Development Bank (ADB) was established in 1966 to serve as the principal multilateral development institution…
WORLD BANK and INDIA- Smart Module for UPSC
IMF and INDIA: Smart Module for UPSC
Exchange Rate Systems & Currency Convertibility- Smart Module for UPSC
Exchange Rate Systems & Currency Convertibility- Smart module for UPSC Economics, GS, Prelims and Mains exams, NET/JRF, State PCS and other exams worldwide, equipped with flowcharts, revision tables, and mind-maps for fast and comprehensive coverage.
Foreign Exchange Market & RBI’s Management: Smart Module for UPSC
Capital Account: FDI, FPI, ECB & International Capital Flows (Smart Module)
Current Account- Trade Balance, Services, Remittances, Private Transfers, CAD (Smart Module)
Balance of Payments (BoP)- Smart Prep Module for UPSC
WTO – Non-Agriculture: TRIPS, TRIMS & Services (Smart Module)
WTO & Agriculture: Smart Prep Module for UPSC
Farm Subsidies & Minimum Support Prices (MSP): Smart Module for UPSC Economics/GS 3
Inclusive Growth & Issues Arising From It – Smart Prep UPSC Module
Indian Economy and Issues Relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development, and Employment: Smart Module
Investment Models – Public, Private & PPP (Smart Prep UPSC Module)
Effects of Liberalisation & Changes in Industrial Policy: Smart Prep Module for UPSC
Land Reforms in India: Smart Prep Module for UPSC
Government Budgeting, Types of Deficits, FRBM Act — UPSC Economics Smart-Prep Module
Market Structures – Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Oligopoly & Monopolistic Competition (Smart Module)
Fiscal Deficit, Revenue Deficit & Primary Deficit – UPSC Smart-Prep Module
Inflation Targeting by RBI – Smart Module for UPSC Economics
GDP Deflator vs CPI vs WPI- Smart Module for Economics
Comparing GVA & GDP – UPSC Economics Smart-Prep
Elasticity – UPSC Economics Smart-Prep Module
Unemployment- Smart Module for UPSC Economics
Types of Economies – UPSC Economics Smart-Prep
Inflation – Concepts, Types, Causes & Effects (Smart Module for UPSC)
National Income – GDP, NDP, GNP, NNP, MP & FC
Swami Dayananda Saraswati – Ethical Philosophy & Social Reform Values (Smart Module)
Raja Ram Mohan Roy – Ethical Philosophy & Moral Reform (Smart Module)
Lord Mahavira – Jain Ethics & Moral Philosophy (Smart Module for UPSC Ethics)
Guru Nanak – Moral Teachings & Ethical Philosophy (Smart Module)
Rabindranath Tagore – Moral Philosophy & Ethical Humanism (Smart Module for UPSC Ethics)
Bhagavad Gita (Krishna’s Ethics) – Nishkama Karma & Duty-Based Ethics
John Rawls – Justice as Fairness & Veil of Ignorance (Smart Module)
Thomas Hobbes – Law, Authority & Order (Smart Module for UPSC)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Social Contract, General Will & Moral Freedom (Smart Module)
Jeremy Bentham – Classical Utilitarianism & Hedonic Calculus (Smart Module)
Jeremy Bentham – Classical Utilitarianism & Hedonic Calculus Consequentialism · Quantitative Pleasure · Welfare Maximisation · Penal Reform 1. Introduction — Bentham’s Significance in Ethics & Governance Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) is the founder of classical utilitarianism, a moral philosophy built…